PARTICIPATORY DESIGN: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Document Type : Specialized scientific research papers

Author

College of Design, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

10.47436/jaars.2021.67348.1001

Abstract

Participatory design is an attitude about a force for change in the creation and management of environments for people. Its strength lies in being a movement that cuts across traditional professional boundaries and cultures. Its roots lie in the ideals of a participatory democracy where collective decision-making is highly decentralized throughout all sectors of society, so that all individuals learn participatory skills and can effectively participate in various ways in the making of all decisions that affect them. Increasingly complex decision-making processes require a more informed citizenry that has considered the evidence on the issue, discussed potential decision options and arrived at a mutually agreed upon decision (Abelson et al, 2003).

Today participatory design processes are being applied to urban design, planning, and geography as well as to the fields of industrial and information technology. Research findings suggest that positive outcomes are associated with solutions being informed by users’ tacit knowledge (Spinuzzi, 2005). More recently, another factor has been suggested as being partly responsible for favorable participatory design outcomes, which is described as collective intelligence (Fischer et al., 2005). Atlee (2003) describes collective intelligence (CI) as a shared insight that comes about through the process of group interaction, particularly where the outcome is more insightful and powerful than the sum of individual perspectives. When people align their individual intelligences in shared undertakings, instead of using their intelligence to undermine each other in pursuit of individual status, they are much more able to generate collective intelligence.

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Main Subjects

References

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Atlee, T. (2003). The Tao of Democracy. Cranston, RI: The Writers Collective.
Bens, C.K. (1994). Effective citizen government: How to make it happen. National Civic Review, 83(1), 32-38.
Billington, R.A. (1974).  American’s Frontier Heritage. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Bordenave, J.D. (1994). “Participative communication as a part of building the participative society.”  In Participatory Communication: Working for Change and Development, edited by S.A. White, K.S. Nair & J. Ascroft. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Bramley, G. (2006). What is “social sustainability”, and how do our existing urban forms perform in nurturing it? In Planning Research Conference. Bartlett School of Planning, UCL, LONDON.
Colfer, C.J.P. with Prabhu, R., Gunter, M., McDougall, C.,Miyasaka Porro, N. and Porro, R. (1999). Who counts most? Assessing human well-being in sustainable forest management. In: Prabhu, R. (ed.) C&I Toolbox, vol. 8. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.
Colantonio, A., (2007). Social Sustainability: An Exploratory Analysis of its Definition, Assessment Methods, Metrics and Tools: Best Practice from Urban Renewal in the EU, Oxford: Oxford Brooks University.
Dryzek, J. (2002). Deliberative Democracy and Beyond. Oxford University Press, New York.
Fagence, M. (1977). Citizen Participation in Planning. Oxford: Pergamon.
Fischer, G., Giaccardi, E., Eden, H., Sugimoto, M. & Ye, Y. (2005). Beyond binary choices:
Integrating individual and social creativity. Human-2008Computer Studies 63: 482-512.
Morris, E.W. (1996). Community in theory and practice: A framework for intellectual renewal.
Journal of Planning Literature 11:127-150.
Olsen,M.E. (1982). Participatory Pluralism: Political Participation and Influence in the United States and Sweden. Chicago: Nelson Hall.
Pateman, C. (1970). Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge         
University Press.
Perkins, D.D., Brown, B.B. & Taylor, R.B. (1996). The ecology of empowerment: Predicting
participation in community organizations. Journal of Social Issues 52(1): 85-110.
 PyGyWg (2006). Participatory Geographies Working Group.  http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/research/pygywebsite/about.html
PICCED. Pratt Institute Center for Community and Environmental Development. (2000).  http://www.picced.org/basics/overview.htm
Pranger, R. J. (1968). The Eclipse of Citizenship. New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston.
Plato, & Grube, G.M.A. (1992). Republic. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company.
Preiser, W.F.E. (1985). Programming the Built Environment. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Rapoport, A. (1987). Terms of empowerment exemplars of prevention:Towards a theory for community psychology, American Journal of Community Psychology, 15; 121-143.
Rivlin, L. (1987). Group membership and place meanings in an urban neighborhood. Journal of
Social Issues 38(3): 75-93.
Rydin, Y., & Pennington, M. (2000). Public Participation and Local Environmental Planning: The Collective Action Problem and the Potential of Social Capital. Local Environment, 5, 153-169.
Sanoff, H. (2000). Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Sanoff, H. (2011). Democratic Design: Participation Case Studies in Urban and Small Town Environments. VDM Verlag. Saarbruken, Germany.
Sanoff, H. (2007). Community based design learning: Democracy and collective decision making. In A.M. Salama & N. Wilkinson (Ed.), Design Studio Pedagogy: Horizons for the Future (pp.21-38) Gateshead, UK: Urban International Press.
Speer, P.W. and Hughey, J. (1995). Community organizing: An ecological route to empowerment and power, American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5); 729-48.
Spinuzzi, C. (2005). The methodology of participatory design. Technical Communication 52(2):163-174.
Thomson, K., Berry, J.M. & Portney, K.E. (1994). Kernels of Democracy. Boston, MA: Lincoln
Filene Center at Tufts University.
Webler, T. (1995). “Right” Discourse in Citizens’ Participation: an Evaluative Yardstick, in: Renn, O./Webler T./Wiedemann, P. (eds.): Fairness and Competence in Citizens’ Participation. Dordrecht et al., Kluwer Academic Publ., pp. 35–86.
Westergaard, K. (1986). “People‟s participation, Local government and Rural Development: The Case of West Bengal, India” (CDR Research Report 8), Copenhagen: Centre for Development Research. 
Worsley, P. (1967). The Third World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Abelson, D.E. (2002). Do Think Tanks Matter? Assessing the Impact of Public Policy Institutes: McGill-Queens University Press.
Atlee, T. (2003). The Tao of Democracy. Cranston, RI: The Writers Collective.
Bens, C.K. (1994). Effective citizen government: How to make it happen. National Civic Review, 83(1), 32-38.
Billington, R.A. (1974).  American’s Frontier Heritage. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Bordenave, J.D. (1994). “Participative communication as a part of building the participative society.”  In Participatory Communication: Working for Change and Development, edited by S.A. White, K.S. Nair & J. Ascroft. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Bramley, G. (2006). What is “social sustainability”, and how do our existing urban forms perform in nurturing it? In Planning Research Conference. Bartlett School of Planning, UCL, LONDON.
Colfer, C.J.P. with Prabhu, R., Gunter, M., McDougall, C.,Miyasaka Porro, N. and Porro, R. (1999). Who counts most? Assessing human well-being in sustainable forest management. In: Prabhu, R. (ed.) C&I Toolbox, vol. 8. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.
Colantonio, A., (2007). Social Sustainability: An Exploratory Analysis of its Definition, Assessment Methods, Metrics and Tools: Best Practice from Urban Renewal in the EU, Oxford: Oxford Brooks University.
Dryzek, J. (2002). Deliberative Democracy and Beyond. Oxford University Press, New York.
Fagence, M. (1977). Citizen Participation in Planning. Oxford: Pergamon.
Fischer, G., Giaccardi, E., Eden, H., Sugimoto, M. & Ye, Y. (2005). Beyond binary choices:
Integrating individual and social creativity. Human-2008Computer Studies 63: 482-512.
Morris, E.W. (1996). Community in theory and practice: A framework for intellectual renewal.
Journal of Planning Literature 11:127-150.
Olsen,M.E. (1982). Participatory Pluralism: Political Participation and Influence in the United States and Sweden. Chicago: Nelson Hall.
Pateman, C. (1970). Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge         
University Press.
Perkins, D.D., Brown, B.B. & Taylor, R.B. (1996). The ecology of empowerment: Predicting
participation in community organizations. Journal of Social Issues 52(1): 85-110.
 PyGyWg (2006). Participatory Geographies Working Group.  http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/research/pygywebsite/about.html
PICCED. Pratt Institute Center for Community and Environmental Development. (2000).  http://www.picced.org/basics/overview.htm
Pranger, R. J. (1968). The Eclipse of Citizenship. New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston.
Plato, & Grube, G.M.A. (1992). Republic. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company.
Preiser, W.F.E. (1985). Programming the Built Environment. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Rapoport, A. (1987). Terms of empowerment exemplars of prevention:Towards a theory for community psychology, American Journal of Community Psychology, 15; 121-143.
Rivlin, L. (1987). Group membership and place meanings in an urban neighborhood. Journal of
Social Issues 38(3): 75-93.
Rydin, Y., & Pennington, M. (2000). Public Participation and Local Environmental Planning: The Collective Action Problem and the Potential of Social Capital. Local Environment, 5, 153-169.
Sanoff, H. (2000). Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Sanoff, H. (2011). Democratic Design: Participation Case Studies in Urban and Small Town Environments. VDM Verlag. Saarbruken, Germany.
Sanoff, H. (2007). Community based design learning: Democracy and collective decision making. In A.M. Salama & N. Wilkinson (Ed.), Design Studio Pedagogy: Horizons for the Future (pp.21-38) Gateshead, UK: Urban International Press.
Speer, P.W. and Hughey, J. (1995). Community organizing: An ecological route to empowerment and power, American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5); 729-48.
Spinuzzi, C. (2005). The methodology of participatory design. Technical Communication 52(2):163-174.
Thomson, K., Berry, J.M. & Portney, K.E. (1994). Kernels of Democracy. Boston, MA: Lincoln
Filene Center at Tufts University.
Webler, T. (1995). “Right” Discourse in Citizens’ Participation: an Evaluative Yardstick, in: Renn, O./Webler T./Wiedemann, P. (eds.): Fairness and Competence in Citizens’ Participation. Dordrecht et al., Kluwer Academic Publ., pp. 35–86.
Westergaard, K. (1986). “People‟s participation, Local government and Rural Development: The Case of West Bengal, India” (CDR Research Report 8), Copenhagen: Centre for Development Research. 
Worsley, P. (1967). The Third World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

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